students in an ESL classroom during a Community Language Learning lesson
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Community Language Learning: 7 ESL Techniques

Community Language Learning (CLL) is a 1970s teaching method, created by psychologist Charles Curran, that puts students in a circle and has the teacher act as a “knower” who translates what students want to say into English. Students record their own sentences, transcribe them, then analyze the grammar together — turning their own conversation into…

Sunlight filtering through a green forest canopy, the setting for questions about whether plants feel pain
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Do Plants Feel Pain? The Science Explained

No. Plants have no brain, no nervous system, and no nociceptors, so they cannot feel pain the way an animal does. But they detect damage in seconds, send electrical and chemical signals through their whole body, and change their behavior afterward — responses that look remarkably like reacting to an injury, even without anyone home…